Pruritus Ani

PRURITUS ANI
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An intense itching and urge to scratch in and around the anus. The symptoms are most noticeable at night or after a bowel movement. Some patients experience a burning sensation and/or note blood on the toilet paper after passing a stool.
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The most common causes are prolonged moisture in the area, certain foods, topical irritants, and rarely a parasite called pinworms. This is a common problem that affects up to 5% of the population.
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Scratching must be avoided. Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause, when present. For example, haemorrhoids are helped by avoiding constipation, sitz baths and hydrocortisone suppositories or creams.

Intramuscular

Intramuscular (IM) injections in neonates may be required to administer medications or vaccines.
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IM injections are administered in newborns to deliver medications deeply into the muscle without causing injury to the tiny patient. Skeletal muscle can accommodate larger volumes of medication than subcutaneous tissue, and absorption is faster because muscle tissue is highly vascular. .
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The anterolateral thigh is the preferred site for IM injection in infants under 12 months of age. Medications are injected into the bulkiest part of the vastus lateralis thigh muscle, which is the junction of the upper and middle thirds of this muscle.
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Nursing and medical staff must be familiar with the principles of the administration of medications to an infant. These principles include:
observation of standard precautions,
aseptic techniques, correct drug/dose/time/route/patient practices.

Bell's Palsy

BELL’S PALSY
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Bell's palsy is a weakness of the muscles on one side of the face. It is caused by inflammation, swelling and abnormal function of the facial nerve, which leads to weakness of the muscles on one side of the face.
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Often the cause is unknown, but it commonly begins with a viral infection. Less common causes of Bell's palsy are Lyme disease, ear infection (otitis media), HIV infection and brain tumors. People of any age can develop Bell’s palsy, but it occurs most often in those over age 70.
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The majority of patients have a full recovery in 3 to 6 months. Sometimes the symptoms come back. Rarely, the weakness persists for life.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs when the diaphragm muscle — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — fails to close during prenatal development, and the contents from the abdomen (stomach, intestines and/or liver) migrate into the chest through this hole.
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About 1,600 babies are born with CDH every year in the U.S., or 1 in every 2,500 live births. The same number of babies are born with cystic fibrosis or spina bifida.
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When the abdominal organs are in the chest, there is limited room for the lungs to grow. This prevents the lungs from developing normally, resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia (or underdeveloped lungs). This can cause reduced blood flow to the lungs and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation), as well as asthma, gastrointestinal reflux, feeding disorders and developmental delays.
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CDH can occur on the left side, right side or, very rarely, on both sides. It can be life-threatening.
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